Tire maintenance can not be ignored

In the face of continuous high temperature weather, in some fans forum, discussion about summer tire pressure should be high or low is very fierce. Some owners think, summer high temperature, thermal expansion and contraction, the tire pressure must be higher than winter heating, easy to burst, so the tire pressure is low. And the owners think, if reduce tire pressure, tire friction with the ground increases exponentially, the tire temperature will rise sharply, tire become soft, sharp drop in strength. So, if the vehicle speed, can cause blowout. So, the summer can not only reduce the tire pressure, should also be adjusted upwards.

What is summer tire pressure high or low? Tire pressure is reduced, will bring two consequences, one is the tires, the tire will shorten the life of fuel consumption will increase two. However, to reduce the tire pressure will also reduce the risk of tire. The summer due to high temperatures, particularly travel at high speed, speed of 100~120 code, the tread temperature will reach 80 degrees, and even more than 100 ℃, increased internal pressure. As for the increase of tire pressure, the only use is to reduce fuel consumption. However, increasing the tire pressure in addition to may burst, but also bring a lot of adverse factors, such as the braking distance increases, the driving safety adverse. So, the summer should be low tire pressure.

In addition to high temperature in summer, and the rainy season, the tire in the rain in the past, the requirements of the tire is naturally increased. Therefore, the rainy season tire tread depth must not be less than 1.6 mm, preferably in more than 3 mm. Because the drainage capacity, decreased tread depth is too shallow, tire tire, causing wet grip drops, affect the safety of driving, especially the rear tire possible spin or drift phenomenon in turning.

When the outdoor temperature is high, the car park to the shade, the body temperature falls as well, don't be impatient with cold water and other means for the tire temperature. The best filling nitrogen in the tires, because the tire inside the gas itself is ordinary gas, because nitrogen is inert gas, and nitrogen is not easy to heat burst tire. If a tire, don't slam the brakes, but should be light "point" brake while the hands grip the steering wheel, try to make the vehicle to maintain a steady, parking and slowly pull.

Running on an uneven road, one must choose the road, reduce the tire and the road bumps, avoid mechanical damage and tire; two is decelerating, avoid tire bump and strong vibration. Muddy sections, should choose a solid, non slip through, so as not to tire subsidence, in situ idling, violent vibration caused by tire and tire side badly cut, scratch.

In addition, to select qualified tire and tire change regularly. A flat tire caused by many reasons, the tire performance deterioration is the arch-criminal. Tire even more durable, can not be a lifetime. When the tire wear, wire layer gradually fatigue, the tread of aging, will weaken the performance.
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The Overhaul To Abnormal Sound Of Automotive Engine Valve

1. The percussion sound

When the engine is idling, there are continuous knocking sound between the end of valve stem and drive parts, enhanced with the speed increases, and when the engine temperature change or off the fire, the sound did not change.

Main reasons:

(1) adjusted valve clearance changes (the lock is not strong, the wear between the valve stem and the drive parts), the valve is not adjusted.

(2) The wear to valve screw; lock nut loose and valve clearance is too large or inconsistent.

(3) valve spring seat wear to the tank, the wear between valve stem and catheter is too larger.

Approach: re-adjust the valve clearance. The loose adjustment screw locknut should be securely locked, and replace the badly worn parts.

2. The leak sound

It is more obvious in the high-load and low-speed situation that valve outdoor sound enhanced with the load increases. The main reason are the improper operation and the over wear to bore of the valve guide when when reaming valve seat, which make the valve seat skewed or a small clearance, resulting in valve ablation to cause the valve lax and then leak sound.

Approach: Remove the cylinder head, grind valve, check valve spring stretch, re-adjust valve clearance.

3. The valve spring is broken and should be replaced.

4. Valve seat sound, seat retainer off

The rough surface of valve seat, substandard machining accuracy and the improper option to amount of interference make the valve seat loose. Improper selection in case of hot deformation make it too large, or the assembly craft of valve seat are undesirable.

Approach: In accordance with the requirements of the assembly craft, inlay the valve seat again, and make the above face and body plane flush.

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Replacement Liquids, Filters, Sparkplugs About Car Repair

The replacement of engine oil invol ves two separate phases: the emptying of the used oil and the subsequent filling with the new oil. For the emptying of motor oil, the vehicle is raised on the hydraulic lift or placed over the inspection hole. The collecting pan is placed under the oil sump and a hand tool is used to open the screw. After emptying, the oil sump screw is put back, th e vehicle is bought to floor level, the bonnet is opened and the motor oil cap is removed for filling. The oil new may be in tins (as occurs at service stations) or taken from barrels with pumps for transfer to smaller containers (cans or similar). Other operations consist in the replacement of the engine oil filter, the replacement of the air filter and the replacement of sparkplugs.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
Container for recovery of used oil with compressed air emptying system
RISK FACTORS
Handling of oil
The oil used in cars is mineral oil which generally has a variable composition. In generalm used oil for internal combustion engine contains hydrocarbons, paraffin, naphthene compounds, aromatic compounds, mononucleates and polynucleates. For petrol engines the increase of IPA is up to 1000 time with concentrati on of benzopyrene up to 71 mg/Kg. The increase of IPA seems to be due to petrol combustion products. Used oil may be contaminated by lead up to 1%.

EXPECTED AND RECORDED HARM
Pathologies from the use oil
Motor oil contains a class of compounds with risks of acute harm (allergies,  dermatitis) and chronic harm (cancer), besides psychological pr oblems for always having dirty hands. Dermatitis from skin contact may also occur from the use of solvents and soap that de-grease the skin. Oil in long-term contact with the skin (e.g. overalls soiled with oil) may cause folliculitis (inflammations due to the  penetration of oil in the fat present in the follicles, favouring bacterial growth).

Petroleum products such as heavy oil may cause ch aracteristic diseases such as "oil buttons", a dermatosi occurring on the forearms, chest and thighs. The oil acts on the follicular openings, producing hypercheratosis with the  closing of sebaceous flows in the follicles. There may also be various types of dermatitis or allergies due to the additives used. Used oil, due to the high content of aromatic and benzopyrene compounds,  may cause skin cancer. The disease occurs initially with scaling, and then dermatitis which after prolonged exposure degenerates into skin cancer. Used oil has also been blamed on cancer of the scrotum. This cancer may be due to continuous contact of the scrotum with oily clothing; th e scrotum contains many sebaceous glands and therefore fats in which the lubricants may dissolve. In a French case study the correlation between scrotum cancer and the presence of large amounts  of benzopyrene in the oil used has been documented in two workers.

In general, with regard to the cancer-causing features of oil, the IARC has established in two major categorie:s
- not heavily refined: classified as  undoubtedly cancer-causing for man (Group 1).
- heavily refined: classified am ong the substances for which an opinion on cancer-causing cannot be established (Group 3).
However, the European Union, in classifying  the products derived fro m petroleum and coal (obviously including mineral oil) has used differe nt criteria from refining alone. The mixtures to which a single CAS identification number and a single EC index number have been assigned, classifying approximately 600 substances as cancer-causing (R45) unless the producer can show
that they contain (Pres. Dec. n. 52/97):
less than 0.1% weight/wei ght of 1,3-butadiene
less than 0,1% weight/weight of benzene
less than 3% of DMSO (Dimethyl suphur ox ide) extract according IP 346 standards
less than the 0.005% weight/weigh t of benzo- (a) pyrene
or if the producer, knowing the entire refining cycl e, can show that the substance from which the product is derived is not cancer-causing.
Besides physical harm, the psyc hological aspects should not be underestimated, especially for young workers. The skin of the hands, when constantly in contact with these substances, tends to absorb them. Therefore it becomes very difficult  to clean the hands, with evident psychological consequences when the worker is outside the work environment.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Prevention during use of oil
For removing used oil it is necessary to use all precautions for avoiding spilling and soiling. In particular, collection trays on mobile  waterproof containers may be  used, with subsequent emptying by compressed air (see photo). For putting in new oil, prevention consists in the first place in the use of the least dangerous type of oil, i.e. heavily refined (it is thus essential to read the label and safety data cards, which must be correctly filled in). In any case n ecessary soiling must be avoided. Adequate information and training of workers is therefore necessa ry, with the use of individual protective devices such as gloves and aprons, and to avoid keeping in oily rags or using oily gloves.

Spilling of used oil on the ground
When changing the oil of vehicles any spilling, spreading and percolati on should be avoided. The replacement of used oil and operations filling up  the oil must be conducted in conditions of maximum safety and hygiene in order to avoid careless operations  or inadequate equipment from leading to spreading and spilling of oil on the ground or in the water. Since motorists often buy the oil themeselves  at shops and supermarkers, the mechanics who change oil should explain to the customer that the oil is harmful to the environment and can harm everyone's health; all precautions  and professional skills necessary for properly conducting this work should therefore be used.

Before of delivery firm specialised firm, the used oil should be stored properly and in safe conditions for environment and for workers. Containers preventing risks of breakage and spilling should therefore be used. Containers suited a this purpose must comply with precise rules. In particular they must be equipped with:
Suitable closing to prevent leakage of the contents;
Accessories and devices designed for filling and emptying in safe conditions;
Containment basins in case of breakage or spilling;
Holding devices to ensure safe handling operations.
The arrangement of containers must be designed in order to avoid any accidental hitting and other serious problems.

When the maximum of the oil container used is almost reached, call exclusively the person representing the "Consorzio Obbligatorio degli oli saausti" and deliver the oil in safe conditions (the delivery of unpolluted oil to the used oil Consortium is free of charge), paying the utmost attention to the handling of containers and the work situation of the operations of transferring the liquid. Employers must therefore provide  adequate instructions to employee and apprentices for the correct handling of used oil for purposes of environmental protection, without ne glecting regulations for protection of health and sa fety. The oil is a source of risks (sli pping, fire, poisoning) that must be assessed and reduced according to regulations set forth in the relevant legislative decrees 626/94 and 242/96.

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What Will I Learn About Car Repair?

Some students are unsure about how they’ll learn automotive repair through home study. You may wonder, “Will I really be prepared to work in the auto repair field when I complete this program? Will I be able to fix any type of car?” The answer to both of these questions is yes.

It’s important to remember that today, all successful professional auto technicians have one thing in common—training. In the past, “backyard mechanics” learned their skills by tinkering with cars in their own garages. However, because of the complex, high-tech systems that are used on today’s cars, you probably wouldn’t be able to learn how to fix vehicles properly without some formal training. To properly repair a vehicle today, you must thoroughly understand how all the systems work and how they work together. The easiest, fastest way to get this understanding is to complete a formal training program.

This doesn’t mean that a person can’t easily learn to make repairs to his or her own car. In fact, many of the basic skills of engine repair have remained the same for decades. However, it’s important to remember that today’s automotive mechanics (no matter how or where they choose to apply their skills) are highly skilled technicians who have learned their trade through formal training programs such as this program. You’ll be proud to join the ranks of these professionals when you complete your training.

The topics in this first lesson will serve as a solid foundation of knowledge for you to build on as you move through the program.We’ll start by reviewing the basics of four-stroke engine operation and some important engine performance terminology that you should know. Then, we’ll talk about the basic operating systems that make up the automobile. Finally, we’ll end your first study unit with a discussion of automotive tools and safe work practices.

If you’ve already worked on automobiles in the past, you may already know some of the information we’ll discuss in this first study unit. If so, that’s great! You’ll have a head start on completing the rest of the program. (Remember, though, it won’t hurt to review these important concepts.) If you’re new to these automotive topics, take some time to study this first lesson carefully. As you proceed through the program, the study units will quickly become more challenging, covering more detailed automotive repair and car diagnostic tooltopics. You’ll learn all the hands-on skills you need to perform repairs on every automotive system. For example, later in the program, you’ll learn about engine rebuilding, brakes, electrical systems, fuel systems, transmissions, computer control systems, emission control systems, and all sorts of high-tech automotive testing and repair techniques.

Don’t let the idea of “high-tech” automotive systems intimidate you. Remember that today’s automobiles are similar in many ways to those of years past. Yes, today’s engines contain electronic control systems, but these systems are simply “add-ons” to the same old gas-powered engine. All the other fundamental engine components have remained the same for many years. Today’s engines still have pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, oil pumps, bearings, and so on, just like the engines in our grandparents’day. In fact, it’s far more likely that a problem will occur in one of these basic mechanical components than in an electronic component. Therefore, while today’s technicians must know about the latest electronic systems, they still need the same foundation of basic knowledge that was required in years past.

In this program, we’ll concentrate on the repair of automobiles and light trucks (such as minivans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles). As you’ll quickly learn, while the exact design of a vehicle will vary from one manufacturer to another, all gas-powered vehicles work according to the same principles. Therefore, you’ll be able to apply the skills you learn in this program to just about any type of automobile or light truck there is—both domestic and foreign. It’s important to keep this in mind, because imported cars account for a large percentage of the vehicles sold today in the United States.When you complete the program, you’ll have the basic skills you need to work on almost any vehicle manufactured and sold today.

Also, since many of the basic principles of operation, repair, and troubleshooting apply to other types of vehicles, you’ll be able to further your training in the future if you wish. Perhaps someday you’ll want to learn to repair medium or heavy trucks, buses, or diesel engines. If so, this program can provide you with a strong foundation in basic skills that you’ll be able to expand on at a later date. And you can find the suitable car tools like Multi Diag from www.vtoolshop.com.